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Iran is far larger than Iraq and Afghanistan combined — two countries where sustained foreign military involvement produced outcomes that fell significantly short of stated objectives and lasted far longer than originally projected. Its military infrastructure is deliberately dispersed across a vast geography, with key facilities buried in mountain bunkers designed specifically to survive aerial bombardment. Its population of more than ninety million people is ethnically and culturally diverse, encompassing Persian, Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Arab, and other communities with distinct histories and political orientations.
Hope Gives Way to Fear
When the strikes began at the end of February, some Iranians responded with visible celebration. Videos circulated showing people reacting with apparent euphoria to reports that the supreme leader had been killed. For a population that had been living under severe economic pressure and had recently watched fellow citizens shot in the streets during protest suppression, the idea of external intervention breaking the stalemate carried a certain desperate appeal.
But the trajectory since then has moved in a different direction. Civilian casualties have risen. A strike on a primary school in Minab killed at least one hundred and sixty people, many of them children. Search and rescue operations have been conducted in the rubble of an apartment building in eastern Tehran. The United Nations has estimated that as many as 3.2 million people have been displaced within Iran — Iranians and long-term Afghan refugees alike — fleeing cities and seeking relative safety in rural areas.
In southern Lebanon, Israeli evacuation orders have forced at least eight hundred thousand civilians to relocate.
The fear that has settled over the region is an uncomfortable one: that after all of this suffering, on all sides, the clerical government in Tehran will still be standing.
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